page 61
Note: the contents of this page as well as those which precede and follow, must be read as a continuation and/or overlap in order that the continuity about a relationship to/with the dichotomous arrangement of the idea that one could possibly talk seriously about peace from a different perspective as well as the typical dichotomous assignment of Artificial Intelligence (such as the usage of zeros and ones used in computer programming) ... will not be lost (such as war being frequently used to describe an absence of peace and vice-versa). However, if your mind is prone to being distracted by timed or untimed commercialization (such as that seen in various types of American-based television, radio, news media and magazine publishing... not to mention the average classroom which carries over into the everyday workplace), you may be unable to sustain prolonged exposures to divergent ideas about a singular topic without becoming confused, unless the information is provided in a very simplistic manner.
Let's face it, humanity has a lousy definition, accompanying practice, and analysis of peace.
In looking at peace as a type of social prize to be sought, and that it is viewed as an especial intellectual or mental uniqueness, we can view this perspective as a modern representation of the old head-hunting activity which has been recorded by anthropologists. With this in mind, it is therefore necessary to identify who are the head-hunters. First on this present list would be the Nobel Prize Committee since they are not only after those whose intellectual (mental/head) activities pursue peace but other subject genres as well, next would be the United Nations. And though one reader or another might be amused by such an analogy, no doubt different head-hunting societies favored there own interpretations of their head-hunting ceremonies as well. And with this stated it is of need to consider that humanity of today is not actually that far removed from its most distant primitive past... because head-hunting is not the only activity which has become sublimated into modernized expressions.
Let us take for example the so-called practice of Democracy. Clearly, with the usage of an electoral college voting system in America which permits the political system to undermine the majority vote of the people, we can witness a lack of democracy. No less that the system permits such an idiot as Donald Trump to become (and remain) President, and that the U.S. Congress does not in effect represent the best for the people, or that the highest court in the land (Supreme Court) is chosen by the President and Confirmed by the Congress instead of the people in both instances, as well as the fact that the court upholds the rules in the Constitution according to their interpretation, instead of what is best for the people, (otherwise there would be no "person" definition for corporations... allowing them to circumvent the laws meant to protect the public).
Nor would there be an incessant preoccupation with war related ideology... and actual peace would be sustained... if humanity could move beyond its many primivities. And though on page 8 of this series there is an image providing a list of hypocrisies associated with the government and the military as an expression of a peace mentality wearing a uniform, it should be noted that further thinking along these same lines has produced an enlarged representation of the peace hypocrisy in the guise of the military, since the flavor of democracy that the military seeks to practice is a formula of anti-democracy... meaning its value of peace is underscored by a similar level of hypocrisy:
| The Socialist Practices of a Communistically-based Military Welfare Program: |
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And so the ideology about military hypocrisy has evolved from very simple observations... just as must an analysis of peace. And part of this analysis is to recognize the hypocritical roles that both the United Nations and Nobel Prize Committee play as ceremonial head-hunters. While this is not to overlook that there are those whose interest in sustained global peace is truly genuine, it is hypocritical that there are those in the United Nations who still validate the use of force in some situations... so that individualized interests on behalf of a Nation's people or humanity the whole might prosper in a selective direction for a selective reason in which a few selective individuals reap a lion's share, even if the majority must endure privation or some other "austerity" for generations.
Needless to say, the discussion of what is meant by peace brings to the fore wide-ranging considerations involving every single topic one might want to interject to make a point... that others may want to exclude because in their own opinion— which they highly esteem as being more important than other considerations— their views should be heard foremost, if not first. In other words they are interested in getting their ideas sustained to an extent they might eventually receive some social reward in exchange. Yet, let us ask whether their ideas provide a plan of action in pursuit of a sustained type of peace that truly is beneficial for everyone, or is it mere philosophical conjecture? Like so many of us who would venture to discuss the topic of peace, how is it that our ideas will be of any value if the value of peace is dominated by those who hold the biggest or most numeral array of weapons? At present, we only have the idea of something called peace, and it is a "thing" most often aligned as an after-the-fact event of militant activity caused by humans or nature. Indeed, the word "peace" represents a temporary or relative state. We do not actually have a word to represent a state of consistency.
If one were to ask another to draw a picture representing peace, or write a poem, sing a song, or otherwise describe it so that all people would be able to recognize peace without the illustration being thus entitled with the word; we might find there is no universal expression that would be universally accepted. And without this, how then are we to achieve a sustained global peace. No less, if the planet and its solar system are headed in the direction of decay, then any and all efforts are mere functionalities for attempting to sustain some level of equilibrium on a sinking ship... or raft, so to speak. As was partially indicated on page 58 of this series, if we view society, the planet or even the solar system/galaxy as a raft, this galaxy might well be viewed (in a sense), as being situated on a fringe of the Universe. In turn, the present solar system sits at the fringe of the galaxy and the earth... so to speak, despite (or because of) its proximity to the Sun; and there are those countries (called third and fourth world nations), which can be viewed as being on one or another fringe of industrialization, technology, medical treatment, economics, etc... not to mention the "fringe" position many people have to endure because of the phony democracy being practiced by the United States, United Kingdom, China and so many others. In fact, every single one of us might note the experience of some "fringe" element they do or have occupied, be it socially, economically, physically, or otherwise.
With such a philosophical perspective in mind, we must note that the topic of "Peace" occupies a fringe position in most people's minds. But, so may other considerations such as wealth, sex, music, mathematics, chemistry, marriage, boxing, going to a theatre, reading a book, getting drunk, committing a crime, etc... Indeed, there are many representations of what someone might label as a "fringe" situation. However, even though someone may consider themselves to be one or another type of outsider that they may label as being the state of a rebel, innovator, genius, anarchist, revolutionist, or some other valued personal attribute of consideration; they may likewise feel that they are part of a collective... even thought it may be the collective of a few. In one sense they may feel that they occupy a singularity of some importance and yet in another sense belong to a group of a special or specialized few. While they may cherish a personal status of being on some labeled fringe, it is a fringe which they may alternatively describe as holding a dominant position of beauty, righteousness, truth, lawfulness, godliness, etc... Nonetheless, their "fringe" position may well afford them a perch upon which they can more easily see the loss or gain of a particular situation, depending on whether they are disposed to disparage or embellish a perception to build up or sustain the level of their ego.
For example, it is often easier for maintenance personnel to see a potential problem than it is for those whose daily activities are focused elsewhere (such as office workers), unless a given office worker may have some personal experience which makes them receptive to a given situation that even maintenance personnel may be overlooking because they have been assigned to concentrate on another task. The office worker who notices the situation is, in a sense, occupying a "fringe" position of their customary work duties that they are getting paid for. Likewise, a maintenance person might well be able to see some incongruity with respect to what an office worker is doing and they can not see for themselves why a particular problem isn't being solved. While many of us can well understand that a person can be too close to a problem in order to grasp what is needed to solve it, this same common-sense view is not typically applied to the situation of a whole nation or an entire species. Indeed, because humanity is too close to itself, it has difficulty solving many of its problems. Yet, even if a group of humans were to live apart from the Earth and come to recognize how to solve a given problem, it is not likely that any nation or all of humanity would readily accept their direction— particularly if it involved getting rid of one or many traditions.
Necessarily so, those who delve deep into a subject become another occupant of a "fringe" area because they come to find there are fewer and fewer people who may venture into the intellectual terrain they have uncovered. And what they find may well be little more than an archaeological and/or anthropological excursion of discovery. For example, it is not known how many times the invention of the wheel has occurred, since it can be found on ancient toys but did not (appear to have) been customarily used by adults. Men and women of science, religion, politics, business, music, art, poetry, dance, acting, and every other subject, have frequently met with opposition, if not from others then self-doubt, self-defeat, self-sabotage or various combinations thereof. However, the interpretations of what they see from where they are perched tend to incline them to describe their experiences accordingly. Such that a person existing on some fringe of society whether we describe their situation as due to mental illness, poverty, poor nutrition, lack of education, or whatever; will interpret and describe what they perceive with the vocabulary they can bring to bear on the circumstance. If for example they interpret social discordances from the perspective of religion and an unrecognized realization of their own mortality, they may well describe their perceptions as being representative of a coming Judgment Day. In fact, they may feel so strongly about it that they wear a cardboard placard that states people need to repent because the end (of humanity or life) is near. Whether that "nearness" means tomorrow, next week, in ten or fifty years, they might not actually be able to say... though some religious groups have done so and taken their lives... never to see that life continued after they left. Poor nutrition, inadequate education, mild mental illness or even insanity can be experienced by a group just as it can an individual. In fact, the size of a "group" can even be an entire nation such as one which practices a belief of ritual sacrifice or the occasional bloodletting of war, economic and business battles which can create various types of life-changing privations.
But let us return for a moment to the invention of the wheel, by providing short references to the wheel and the wheel/axel combination. Such a combination might well explain why there were wheels on toys but that the wheel was not employed on carts to be used by adults, since the lack of an axle invention and a means of attaching the two together, no doubt meant that both items could well have existed, then become lost, and then inventively reborn until by way of accident or intention, someone(s) came up with the idea of putting the items into a collective assembly. The blueprint for the assembly may not have appeared in anyone's mind because the necessary analogy or "fiddling-about" with the components did not occur.
Wheel 
(The Wheel may be considered) a circular frame of hard material that may be solid, partly solid, or spoked and that is capable of turning on an axle. A Sumerian (Erech) pictograph, dated about 3500 BC, shows a sledge equipped with wheels. The idea of wheeled transportation may have come from the use of logs for rollers, but the oldest known wheels were wooden disks consisting of three carved planks clamped together by transverse struts. | ||||
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Spoked wheels appeared about 2000 BC, when they were in use on chariots in Asia Minor. Later developments included iron hubs (centerpieces) turning on greased axles, and the introduction of a tire in the form of an iron ring that was expanded by heat and dropped over the rim and that on cooling shrank and drew the members tightly together. | ||||
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The use of a wheel (turntable) for pottery had also developed in Mesopotamia by 3500 BC. 
The early waterwheels, used for lifting water from a lower to a higher level for irrigation, consisted of a number of pots tied to the rim of a wheel that was caused to rotate about a horizontal axis by running water or by a treadmill. The lower pots were submerged and filled in the running stream; when they reached their highest position, they poured their contents into a trough that carried the water to the fields.  The three power sources used in the Middle Ages—animal, water, and wind—were all exploited by means of wheels. One method of driving millstones for grinding grain was to fit a long horizontal arm to the vertical shaft connected to the stone and pull or push it with a horse or other beast of burden. Waterwheels and windmills were also used to drive millstones.  Because the wheel made controlled rotary motion possible, it was of decisive importance in machine design. Rotating machines for performing repetitive operations driven by steam engines were important elements in the Industrial Revolution. Rotary motion permits a continuity in magnitude and direction that is impossible with linear motion, which in a machine always involves reversals and changes in magnitude. Source: "Wheel." Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite, 2013. |
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Despite the above article saying that the first wheel was made of three carved planks, one might imagine that the first "wheel" design was some round object like a stone or wooden log... even though it may not have been used for any "wheeled" apparatus implemented for anything practical in the sense of a labor saving devise... though one might imagine round stones or pebbles playing the part of the first marbles (even if the earliest versions were not called "marbles" because marble (stone) was not used). In fact, there's no telling how many objects that were used later by adults for application as one or another product used in saving labour (such as a spinning wheel), first started out as a toy. The idea of an axel might have come from the length of an arrow, spear, or goat herder's staff. Then again, the sight of straight trees, bones or a river seen at a distance might have provided some imaginative impetus. Indeed, a rolling skull with a spear stuck in it may have been the first unrealized image of a wheel and axel. Then again, how about a chunk of meat turned over and over on a campfire, long before someone invented the rotisserie based on a roasting method which had earlier involved the usage of some wood that provided a "smoked" flavor such as hickory. With respect to the wheel, one can imagine an early model as a solid piece because "carved" blanks suggests a later industry. From the solid piece might well have come two pieces and then three pieces as a means of increasing its diameter.
From an old Threesology Introductory page 3a, was garnered the following image of a hypothetical perspective involving the evolutionary development of the wheel:
No less, we need to expand our notion of the "wheel" as a type of repeating motion like that seen in a "revolving" sense of the word ascribed to "wheel", though not all wheels have to turn nor do all motions of revolving as a repetition, have to be made in terms of overlapping cycles; whereby a "circling" motion can be seen in an eccentric such as a screw... like the Arcamedian screw used for irrigation or the bucket-and-lever motion used to move water from one source to another. No less, those who are going and coming from a source of water with a bucket on their heads (or driving a large tanker of water on the back of their pickups in semi-rural... dirt road... America), are engaged in a "revolving cycle" of motion (like peace and war). Hence, they are performing the action as a type of water wheel.
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Let's now take a look at a discussion about the wheel and axle from the Britannica:
Wheel and Axel (The wheel and axle are a) basic machine component for amplifying force. In its earliest form it was probably used for raising weights or water buckets from wells. Its principle of operation is demonstrated by the large and small gears attached to the same shaft, as shown at A in the illustration. The tendency of a force F applied at the radius R on the large gear to turn the shaft is sufficient to overcome the larger force W at the radius r on the small gear. The force amplification, or mechanical advantage, is equal to the ratio of the two forces (W:F) and also equal to the ratio of the radii of the two gears (R:r).  For raising weights the wheel and axle has large- and small-diameter drums with ropes wrapped around them in place of the gears. The weight being lifted is attached to the rope on the small drum, and the operator pulls the rope on the large drum. In this arrangement the mechanical advantage is the radius of the large drum divided by the radius of the small drum. An increase in the mechanical advantage can be obtained by using a small drum with two diameters, r1 and r2, and a pulley block, P, as shown in sketch B in the illustration. When lifting a weight, the rope winds on the drum D and off the drum d. A measure of the force amplification available with the system is the velocity ratio, or the ratio of the velocity (VF) with which the operator pulls the rope at F to the velocity at which the weight W is raised (VW). This ratio is equal to twice the radius of the large drum divided by the difference in the radii of drums D and d. Expressed mathematically, the equation is VF/VW = 2R/(r2 - r1). The actual mechanical advantage W/F is less than this velocity ratio, depending on friction. A very large mechanical advantage may be obtained with this arrangement by making the pulleys D and d of nearly equal radius. See also block and tackle. Source: "Wheel and Axle." Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite, 2013. |
If we look at circular motion, we may think of it as a motion that goes in a "circle", yet the "circularity" may be better described as a circulation such as the blood in a body. "Circularity" need not imply repetition in the same space and time, such as the "circular" motion of a screw or the presumed circularity of activity in a double helix strand of DNA often illustrated in a circular motion in order to enhance different vistas of a DNA molecule from different vantage points. The same goes for the image of an axle which may or may not be in a circular motion but in an up and down direction. Likewise the analysis of peace need not occur in the circularity of traditions where it typically becomes aligned with the though of an absence of war, and thus the dichotomy becomes a circularity of thought and expectation.
Many, many, many events have their own type of recurrence whose regularity may occur when no one is watching or recording an event that can later be viewed and associated with the perceptions of one or more others. The recurrence can be viewed as a circularity thought events in time suggest a linearity... or axle... "axleization". However, the word "axel" and for that matter "wheel", may not be envisioned by those interested in the study of peace, war, sociology, biology, atomic physics, anthropology, mathematics and various other topics. For example, the circularity of a society may or may not be seen in the view of a wagon wheel with hub, spokes, rim, bearings, grease, retaining bolt(s), and axle attachment to one or more other wheels such as the circular gears in a third member (rear end) of a vehicle attached to an "axle" called a drive-shaft that is attached to a transmission with multiple rotating gears, circular clutch packs... not to mention the circularity of an engine attached to linear "axles" called connecting rods topped with pistons with circular springs called rings which may rotate within a cylinder and causing compression as well as oil consumption if the ring splits line-up allowing leakage. Such metaphors are not common amongst different subjects because the correlations with such wheel and axel assortments are not typical perspectives. Very often, there is the addition of too literal an interpretation that causes conflict with the types of analogy that could be made by those with imaginations yet there are far too many concrete oriented individuals who want to keep illustrations based on simplistic renderings because that is the limit of their abilities to think outside the conventionality of the box they have found themselves in. They frequently reduce everything to money, sex, or social power... and yet do not recognize that they are using a three-patterned form of thinking.
So let's take a more concrete example and slow down the comparison for those who are not familiar with thinking flexibly. Let us start with the association of the idea about "social circles" and attach the label of "wheels" to them. Now let us speak of "social networking" and apply the word "spokes" to them. Whereas one might want to say that a business, government or religion is the hub around which all rotate, one might also say that a single person such as an entertainer is the hub for their fans. If we connect this arrangement to one or more other social circumstances, we could say that they are attached via an unrealized social axle. Clearly, the metaphor is thus easier to understand in such an arrangement, even if the previous paragraph made little sense to some readers. However, if I were to say that peace and war are wheels attached to a global vehicle by an axel, the lack of illustrating what the axle is may cause some a bit of consternation because they are being handed a blueprint (like that of a do-it-yourself assembly brochure), that they have difficulty visualizing how to see the finished product because there is not readily available picture. This is because humanity hasn't tried to draw one. Humanity remains stuck in the primitive state of analyzing peace. Whereas it can recognize different types of machines and mechanical motions, it can not yet grasp the functionality of the peace/war dichotomy as an analyzable mechanism in order to show that it is an extremely primitive cognitive tool being applied to sociological, psychological, anthropological and historical interpretations of human behavior. We need new metaphors so that we may progress to a better usage of human energy coupled to the remaining (but dwindling) resources on Earth.
Wheel and Axel (The wheel and axel combination is a) basic machine component for amplifying force. In its earliest form it was probably used for raising weights or water buckets from wells. Its principle of operation is demonstrated by the large and small gears attached to the same shaft, as shown at A in the illustration. The tendency of a force F applied at the radius R on the large gear to turn the shaft is sufficient to overcome the larger force W at the radius r on the small gear. The force amplification, or mechanical advantage, is equal to the ratio of the two forces (W:F) and also equal to the ratio of the radii of the two gears (R:r). For raising weights the wheel and axle has large— and small— diameter drums with ropes wrapped around them in place of the gears. The weight being lifted is attached to the rope on the small drum, and the operator pulls the rope on the large drum. In this arrangement the mechanical advantage is the radius of the large drum divided by the radius of the small drum. An increase in the mechanical advantage can be obtained by using a small drum with two diameters, r1 and r2, and a pulley block, P, as shown in sketch B in the illustration. When lifting a weight, the rope winds on the drum D and off the drum d. A measure of the force amplification available with the system is the velocity ratio, or the ratio of the velocity (VF) with which the operator pulls the rope at F to the velocity at which the weight W is raised (VW). This ratio is equal to twice the radius of the large drum divided by the difference in the radii of drums D and d. Expressed mathematically, the equation is VF/VW = 2R/(r2 - r1). The actual mechanical advantage W/F is less than this velocity ratio, depending on friction. A very large mechanical advantage may be obtained with this arrangement by making the pulleys D and d of nearly equal radius. Source: "Wheel and Axle." Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite, 2013.Block and Tackle 
(A block and tackle arrangement is the) combination of a flexible rope, or cable, and pulleys commonly used to augment pulling force; it can be used to lift heavy weights or to exert large forces in any direction. In the Figure there are four freely rotating pulleys, two on the upper block, which remains fixed, and two on the lower block, which moves up as the load W is lifted; one end of the rope is anchored to the upper block. If the load W is lifted one foot, each of the four rope links will shorten by one foot so that four feet of rope must be pulled off by the effort F; consequently the force magnification and the mechanical advantage, neglecting friction, is 4. Higher force ratios may be obtained by the use of more pulleys, but this advantage may be offset by increased friction. Source: "Block and Tackle." Encyclopædia Britannica. |
It should be noted that the "wheel" and "axle" need not be a solid object. For example, a kite string can be looked upon as an axle and a kite as a wheel that may or may not rotate (unless heading for a crash landing or caught in a whirl-wind). Similarly, a rope inserted through a pulley can be viewed as an axle and wheel arrangement. As a child, I was able to find numerous wheels with which to build a go-cart, but because of a lack of axles, large nails were used as a substitute axle (the nails were called "spikes" but were later identified as 16 penny nails —because 16 could be bought for a penny— but the illustration below identifies them as Common nails... yet an imaginative mind can see them as axles.) And though the substitute axles didn't work well, all the participating kids in the neighborhood still had fun.
Date of Origination: Thursday, 20-April-2017... 06:21 AM
Date of initial posting: Sunday, 11-June-2017... 08:45 AM
Updated posting: Saturday, 31-March-2018... 1:05 PM